Reproductive Strategies of Mangroves
Blackjack Seed Dispersal put together the following listing of free casino bonuses which should suit your needs the most. The list is Blackjack Seed Dispersal based mostly on your country, as many Blackjack Seed Dispersal. Ever wondered how seeds from one Plant get sown in a different area altogether? The phenomenon of Seed Dispersal helps in reproduction in plants. Seed Dispersal by Gravity Gravity is a force of attraction that exists among all the objects in the universe. As the fruits from the tree fall on the ground due to the force of attraction, they sometimes roll down to some smaller distance, get buried in the soil after a few days and germinate into a new plant. The other Black Jack strain (sometimes spelled Blackjack) was created by Nirvana Seeds. This latter Blackjack is a cross between Black Domina and Jock Horror, Nirvana's own spin on Jack Herer, which is sativa-dominant cross between staple strains Northern Lights, Skunk, and Haze.
Mangroves have one of the most unique reproductive strategies in the plant world. Mangroves are viviparous (bringing forth live young), just like most mammals. Rather than producing dormant resting seeds like most flowering plants, mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree.
The red mangrove flowers mostly during the summer months. The long cigar shaped propagules are often found hanging on the tree all year long. The black mangrove flowers all summer long with the lima bean shaped propagules produced during late summer and early fall. The white mangrove flowers mid to late summer with small green pea shaped propagules produced a month later.
![How Is Blackjack Seed Dispersal How Is Blackjack Seed Dispersal](https://loopsoft.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/5/2/125265502/800569621.jpg)
Once the propagule drops from the parent tree there is an obligate dispersal period which each species' propagule must remain in the water. During this period embryonic development continues. For the red mangrove this dispersal period is the longest at 40 days. The black mangrove's propagule must drift for at least 14 days. The white mangrove's dispersal period is the shortest at 5 days, which also includes germination.
![How Is Blackjack Seed Dispersal How Is Blackjack Seed Dispersal](https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/cynoff/plant.jpg)
If the propagule strands in a 'favorable' area, there is an obligate stranding period before the primary roots and cotyledons (primary leaves) emerge. The red mangrove has the longest obligatory stranding period of 15 days. However, the propagule may be lying horizontally on the sediment or vertically 'standing up' and may be covered by water during this time.
SUMMARIZATION | |||
-- | Rhizophora mangle red mangrove | Avicennia germinans black mangrove | Laguncularia recemosa white mangrove |
Flowering Season | all year, but maximum in late spring and summer | spring and early summer | spring and early summer |
Shape of Propagule | cigar, alrge green bean | oblong/elliptical, lima bean | flattened, pea green when fall, sunflower seed |
Length of Propagule | 15 cm | 2 - 3 cm | less than .5 cm |
Degree of Vivipary | extensive while on tree | intermediate? | 'semi-viviparious' germination during dispersal |
Obligate Dispersal | 40 days | 14 days | 8 days |
Root Establishment | 15 days (either vertical or horizontal) | 7 days | 5 days |
Viable Longevity | 365 days | 110 days | 35 days |
Seedling Mortality | lowest | intermediate | highest |
Sucession | due to emgbryonic reserves, can establish under canopy and wait for tree to fall | need adequate light; need strand period of 5 days above tide | need adequate light; need strand period of 5 days above tide to hold soil |
In the northern hemisphere, September is the time for launching offspring in the world. Plants do this in the form of seeds—a whole new generation of green wrapped up in unassuming packages. Unfortunately, plants have one distinct disadvantage compared to humans and other animals. They can't move from their appointed spot on the planet. So, how to launch Jr. into the world with no feet, fins, or scales, let alone wheels? With pretty ingenious solutions, as it turns out.
Gravity
Plants have five primary mechanisms for moving their seeds. Some plants simply let their seeds fall to the ground. For annuals (plants that live only one season), this method works fine. The parent won't be around to compete with the offspring. However, for plants that do survive more than one season (perennials/shrubs/trees), having Jr. growing at your feet and competing with you for resources is not a good plan. How to solve this problem? Come up with a better way to launch your seeds.
How Is Blackjack Seed Suited To Its Method Of Dispersal
Animals
![How is blackjack seed suited to its method of dispersal How is blackjack seed suited to its method of dispersal](https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/images/Cynodon_dactylon_(Couch_Grass)/cynodon_dactylon_02.jpg)
Once the propagule drops from the parent tree there is an obligate dispersal period which each species' propagule must remain in the water. During this period embryonic development continues. For the red mangrove this dispersal period is the longest at 40 days. The black mangrove's propagule must drift for at least 14 days. The white mangrove's dispersal period is the shortest at 5 days, which also includes germination.
If the propagule strands in a 'favorable' area, there is an obligate stranding period before the primary roots and cotyledons (primary leaves) emerge. The red mangrove has the longest obligatory stranding period of 15 days. However, the propagule may be lying horizontally on the sediment or vertically 'standing up' and may be covered by water during this time.
SUMMARIZATION | |||
-- | Rhizophora mangle red mangrove | Avicennia germinans black mangrove | Laguncularia recemosa white mangrove |
Flowering Season | all year, but maximum in late spring and summer | spring and early summer | spring and early summer |
Shape of Propagule | cigar, alrge green bean | oblong/elliptical, lima bean | flattened, pea green when fall, sunflower seed |
Length of Propagule | 15 cm | 2 - 3 cm | less than .5 cm |
Degree of Vivipary | extensive while on tree | intermediate? | 'semi-viviparious' germination during dispersal |
Obligate Dispersal | 40 days | 14 days | 8 days |
Root Establishment | 15 days (either vertical or horizontal) | 7 days | 5 days |
Viable Longevity | 365 days | 110 days | 35 days |
Seedling Mortality | lowest | intermediate | highest |
Sucession | due to emgbryonic reserves, can establish under canopy and wait for tree to fall | need adequate light; need strand period of 5 days above tide | need adequate light; need strand period of 5 days above tide to hold soil |
In the northern hemisphere, September is the time for launching offspring in the world. Plants do this in the form of seeds—a whole new generation of green wrapped up in unassuming packages. Unfortunately, plants have one distinct disadvantage compared to humans and other animals. They can't move from their appointed spot on the planet. So, how to launch Jr. into the world with no feet, fins, or scales, let alone wheels? With pretty ingenious solutions, as it turns out.
Gravity
Plants have five primary mechanisms for moving their seeds. Some plants simply let their seeds fall to the ground. For annuals (plants that live only one season), this method works fine. The parent won't be around to compete with the offspring. However, for plants that do survive more than one season (perennials/shrubs/trees), having Jr. growing at your feet and competing with you for resources is not a good plan. How to solve this problem? Come up with a better way to launch your seeds.
How Is Blackjack Seed Suited To Its Method Of Dispersal
Animals
One way to send seeds far from the parent is to have them hitch a ride. Plants using this method often have seeds covered with barbs or sticky mucous, perfect for attaching to unsuspecting passers-by. Some seeds, particularly those surrounded by tasty fruit, hitch a ride in the digestive systems of animals. Hard coatings allow them to pass through and emerge at the other end relatively unscathed.
Animals are also participants in a two-part arrangement that some plants have developed. For example, most nut trees simply allow their seeds to drop to the ground. The seeds are then carted away by squirrels, jays, and other animals. Some are eaten; others are forgotten. The misplaced seeds are able to grow into mature plants away from the parent.
Air
Anyone who has made a wish on a dandelion flower has seen wind dispersal in action. The variety of designs plants have developed to harness the wind is staggering. There are maple keys that spin and fly, cottonwood seeds that float gently, and dandelion seeds that fly along like tiny parachutes. If the wind is right, seeds from these plants can travel hundreds of miles. It's a big gamble though. Most seeds don't fall in suitable growing locations. This is why plants that use wind dispersal produce so many seeds.
Other plants depend on the wind in different ways. Poppy seeds, for example, can hardly be called aerodynamic, but these plants still depend on the wind. 'Salt-and-pepper-shaker' style pods keep the seeds from falling directly below the parent plant. When the wind kicks up, the plant's long, slender stalks gracefully bow in the wind, tipping the shakers and depositing the seeds.
Water
Plants in riparian/beach areas often employ water to move their offspring. These plants produce seeds that float. Water carries them away—hopefully to a suitable growing location. This dispersal method explains how remote islands have vegetation similar to land masses hundreds of miles away.
Mechanical
Probably the most entertaining of seed dispersal methods is mechanical. Some plants have developed the ability to 'launch' their seeds away from the parent plant. These plants build up tension in their tissue, much like a catapult stores energy in a taut rope. At just the right moment, the tension is released and the seeds are flung. What a way to send off the kids!
Activity: Move Those Seeds
All this discussion about seed dispersal can get a little dry. One way to make it fun is to have kids pretend they are plants—it's up to them what kind—and give them the task of coming up with ways to disperse seeds. Provide them with glue, tape, string, and any other fasteners you can think up, plus a variety of materials. I find that recycled items, like TP tubes, plastic containers, egg cartons and fabric scraps, work well for these kind of crafts. I like yarn, pipe cleaners, and dowels too. This is a great 'clean out the junk drawer' project!
Books & Websites
How Is Blackjack Seed Dispersal For Sale
- Nature: The Seedy Side of Plants: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-seedy-side-of-plants/introduction/1268/ (amazing video of mechanical seed dispersal and other resources)
- Pre-K Lesson Plan: How Do Seeds Move: http://outsidemom.com/2011/10/traveling-seeds/ (lesson plan and activity from outsidemom.com)
- A Seed is Sleepy, by Diana Hutts Aston
- A Fruit is a Suitcase for Seeds, by Jean Richards
- Plant Secrets, by Emily Goodman
- The Tiny Seed, by Eric Carle
- The Carrot Seed, by Ruth Krauss